This is a long article but if you are bugged by bugs you may find something useful somewhere here.
Integrated pest management ( IPM)
The definition
given in Wikipedia for IPM
“In IPM, one attempts to
prevent infestation, to observe patterns of infestation when they occur, and to intervene
(without poisons) when one deems necessary.[1] IPM is the intelligent selection and use of pest
control actions that will ensure favourable economic, ecological and
sociological consequences. [2]”
I prefer to just say organic pest management. In organic gardens, a web of life , an
ecosystem of pest and predator, build up over time, and most pestilence is
short lived and seasonal. By the time
you realize there is a problem and reach for the garlic and chili to make a
spray ( recipe at the end) , its over.
Some pests are an ongoing problem however, and need to be
managed if we are to eat a full diet.
It is amazing
how a person in Nannup will have
a different range of difficult pests to a person in Margaret River.
Bill Mollison says we must observe our pest and then out
–think it. See what works in nature and
apply it.
The mainstream reaction to a pest outbreak is to buy in a
pesticide, herbicide or fungicide …………
but that hurts us ( and other non target species) . I don’t think the satisfaction of seeing your little plant wreckers dying before your eyes
is worth getting cancer in 20 years over. Besides, if very toxic chemicals are
used habitually , pests may build up an
immunity to the “icide”.
David Suzuki points out that using pesticide is like
fighting crime in a city by killing all the people…..obviously that would be
extreme because only a very small percentage of the population are criminals.
This is the same in the bug world….. there are many beneficial insects which
will be wiped out in a spray event. So
many people say they try to avoid sprays but sometimes “ You just have to, just a bit” . After swearing to myself I say "well maybe, if you really know what you are
doing, and who does when it comes to the complexity of Nature?"
Think of a pest
outbreak as a breeding ground for a predator or a feast for chooks.
If something is really bugging us we must get out our
magnifying glass, identify the pest, then do a little research and thinking.
Ways to increase biological
pest control on your farm.
One of our greatest joys
is increasing biodiversity on our farm.
By planting trees and understorey plants you provide shade, precipitation
(even if only in the form of dew and condensation) and habitat . Plant nectar producing , and/ or spiny native
shrubs to help bird populations increase
. Water features, if only a bird
bath, are essential. A hessian bag placed on the edge of a
birdbath or pond will wick up water for the pollinating honeybee to safely drink without drowning
. Water features and their aquatic
plants breed frogs and dragon flies and provide a drink for all. Piles of rocks
and logs provide reptile habitat. Hedgerows, bat boxes, hollow
trees and / or owl nesting boxes (as mentioned) provide nesting sites for
birds of prey and other insectivores.
Bats
Stop using chemicals, let
habitat plants grow and life will come
back. Is it just me ? I have bats swirling around my bedroom every night. Micro
bats and big ones ....a nightly visit all summer long. Micro bats eat 600
insects a night. Bat boxes can be installed, plans available online, but just increasing vegetation will give them the habitat they need to breed.
BIRDS
Birds : wrens , swallows , robins and finches and other small birds. These lovely little
insect eating birds are abundant and hop around when I hand water the garden,
drinking from leaves and controlling insects. We have hardly a problem anymore
with the cabbage moths and white butterfly which use to decimate the brassicas
all summer.
Contrast a rich habitat teeming with
birds, mantis, wasp, pollinating moth etc with the conditions in the
wheat belt, where farmers are filling in dams and removing all but one kind of
plant. They do not having sheep in their rotations any more and are devoting
their land to a monoculture of grain. Without sheep they are entirely dependent
on artificial fertilizer and herbicides, and without biodiversity they
must rely on pesticides. This is just how Monsanto likes it. Monsanto
fund the universities which train the agronomists which advocate this lunacy.
History shows us time and again
what can happen when we upset ecosystems. Chairman Mao in his Great Leap Forward (1958 to 62),
got the people to kill all the sparrows. This action bought on the death of 70 million people
in the great famine of China, around 1961.
The Four Pests campaign was one of the first actions taken in the Great Leap Forward The four pests to be
eliminated were rats, flies, mosquitoes, and
sparrows.[1]
The extermination of the last upset the ecological balance, and enabled
crop-eating insects to proliferate.The campaign against the 'Four Pests' was initiated in 1958 as a hygiene campaign by Mao Zedong, who identified the need to exterminate mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, and sparrows. Sparrows – mainly were included on the list because they ate grain seeds, robbing the people of the fruits of their labour. The masses of China were mobilized to eradicate the birds, and citizens took to banging pots and pans or beating drums to scare the birds from landing, forcing them to fly until they fell from the sky in exhaustion. Sparrow nests were torn down, eggs were broken, and nestlings were killed. Sparrows and other birds were shot down from the sky, resulting in the near-extinction of the birds in China.Non-material rewards and recognition were offered to schools, work units and government agencies in accordance with the volume of pests they had killed.
By April 1960, Chinese leaders realized that sparrows ate a large amount of insects, as well as grains. Rather than being increased, rice yields after the campaign were substantially decreased. Mao ordered the end of the campaign against sparrows, replacing them with bed bugs in the ongoing campaign against the Four Pests. By this time, however, it was too late. With no sparrows to eat them, locust populations ballooned, swarming the country and compounding the ecological problems already caused by the Great Leap Forward, including widespread deforestation and misuse of poisons and pesticides. Ecological imbalance is credited with exacerbating the Great Chinese Famine, in which at least 20 million ( some say 76 million) people died of starvation from between the years 1958 and 1961 characterized by widespread famine. Drought, poor weather, and the policies of the Communist Party of China contributed to the famine, Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao diverted of labor to steel production and infrastructure projects, burning the forests in back yard smelters .These projects combined with cyclical natural disasters led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% decline in 1960 and no recovery in 1961.
Did deforestation cause the
droughts which followed? I would say
so. So lets learn from history and plant
trees now.
Trees make habitat for
many creatures including:
. frogs ( eat mosquitoes
and moths , slugs and slaters )
. dragon flies
. lizards.... ( eat snails , slugs and rodents) and
strawberries unfortunately.
. birds
Feed the SOIL
Earthworms ... their
castings, and compost make healthy plants immune to disease. So found Sir
Albert Howard . He also found that the animals which feed on compost grown
plants are immune to infectious disease, even foot and mouth disease. If you feed the PLANT as opposed to the soil, aphis can suddenly appear. If you pile around your roses uncomposted manure, your rose bush may get force fed nitrates. It may only want to drink water but has to drink liquid manure . This makes sappy dark green growth on the plant which may look good but because it is unbalanced ( excessive nitrogen) it may fall prey to mobs of aphis. Humus is what plants really want, and humus can save us from climate change.
Heres some beneficial insects to welcome in:
Lady birds, ( aphis
vacuums)
Spiders (voracious
hunters of pests)
Predatory wasps.
Predatory mites
A word on snakes
I don’t like around my
feet but they do eat many rodents. Snakes
are often seen where ever grain
attracts rodents and frogs ( everything
eats frogs!) Tiger snakes have 40 babies
a year and can be scary when gardening
on chinampa swamps . We have lost 3 large pigs to snake bite. Preying
on small snakes are kookaburras, eagles hawks
and other birds of prey ( which also get rodents)
Companion planting and mixing up species throughout the garden are also good strategies .Plants often are affected positively or negatively by their neighbours. Jackie French has devoted one of her numerous, excellent gardening books to companion planting. Its just a small inexpensive book. Highly recommended. BM mentions alleopathy and says watch the following “ gum trees, pine trees, walnut and pecan, and sheoak with citrus. He recommends looking for examples of alleopathy in your neighbourhood and learn from it, Often if you insert a mulberry between 2 antagonistic trees everything will be OK.
.
‘Lures and traps . half orange skins lying upside down in the garden can be a good collection device for slaters. Similarly a wooden plank on the ground creates a cool, moist dark place and can be turned over to reveal a heap of beetles, slaters and slugs on a warm day. Similar chook feasts can be created with rolled up newspapers....an earwig or several will often hide in there overnight and you can transport them to the chookpen in the morning.
The umbillerfera family of plants ( carrots,fennel, parsley etc ) when flowering , attract beneficial wasps, so let some flower.
Hand squashing of troublesome bugs and removing the weeds they breed up on is also quite effective. One year I had a complete failure of potatoes due to a yellow hairy looking larvae defoliating the plants. It was the offspring of the 28 spotted bug. I had a huge number of deadly nightshade plants at the time, thinking the ripe berries would feed chooks . I found that this is where the large population of 28 spotted bug was breeding. I pulled many out and have kept them a little more under control since then, cause I like my spuds. I haven’t had another incident.
Choose disease resistant plants
Select the most disease resistant plants from catalogues or your own non hybrid plants. Merri Bee Organic seeds offers offers seed of many plants selected over many decades for disease resistance. See Bees B
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| Ducks on snail detail....Ducklings hitching a ride on mum |
Some organic treatments for Caterpillars ….
The best way to prevent an outbreak is to cover your plants with a floating
row cover ( available from John in Northcliffe) just after
planting, securing the cover down tightly with landscaping pins. Floating row
covers are a light, mesh like material that cover the plant while still
allowing light and water to penetrate the barrier. Put it over the plants
loosely so that it does not obstruct the plants growth. The row cover will
prevent moths from landing on the plants and laying their eggs, therefore
preventing the larvae from hatching.
If the edges of the row cover are secured tightly it will prevent
many crawling insects from accessing and damaging the plants.
Dipel contains Bacillus
Thurengiensis (BT) a Bacillus which forms a toxin ONLY in the GUT of a
caterpillar. It causes intestinal upset and eventual death in caterpillars that
consume it. Feeding by the grubs usually stops within 3 hours of consuming
Dipel and death occurs in a matter of days.
I have read conflicting
information about BT. This is not surprising because of the involvement of the
Genetic Engineering corporations, who have no hesitation in lying constantly.
BT is a bacteria which only produces a toxin in the gut of a caterpillar. It
has been used by organic farmers with no ill effects on anyone but caterpillars
for decades. I I reckon the GM companies thought they would use the safe
reputation/ name of BT to market their plants.
But the GM scientists interfered with nature big time . To
create BT corn they took the genes of
the TOXIN that is formed in the caterpillar, and inserted it into the genes of
the corn plant . This means every part of the plant is toxic. Even the corn cob
is a registered pesticide! Obviously this could never happen in nature , one
because it crosses the species barrier
which nature very rarely does and in
these rare cases the progeny is sterile ( horse and donkey create sterile mule)
and 2 , naturally the toxin was only ever found in the gut of a caterpillar.
Now it is everywhere! Well, lets confine ourselves to scientific research and
say it is in the blood stream of pregnant women and their unborn babies in
Canada. It is possible that by horizontal gene transfer the gut bacteria of
these women ( and no doubt anyone else who has eaten a BT cornchip, eaten a
chicken drumstick or a steak where the
confined animal was fed GM corn, or
drunk a “soda” containing high fructose corn syrup) has become a living pesticide factory. Thanks
Monsanto! Lets all march against you on May 25th.
In their attempt to market GM, Monsanto say these crops use less chemicals. You know I
use to think that maybe Gm was a good idea for this reason. But look into it
for more than 5 mins, go to Green Peace and independent scientists for info and
what reads like the script of a B Grade horror movie unfolds. Mr Murdoch isn’t
telling us the whole story. You wont hear that GM Bt cotton is the major factor
in the catastrophic failure of the Brazilian cotton crop. The crop has fallen
victim to a plague of caterpillars, leading to expected losses of millions of
dollars for producers. Of course the caterpillars, on being expoed to BT toxin
24 seven, developed an immunity quite quickly.
Brazilian cotton producers are now asking the government to allow the use of a
banned class of pesticides to deal with the problem. But as the article shows,
chemical pesticides are becoming less effective and so farmers are having to
use more and more to try to control pests.
Let's bear in mind this latest example of Bt cotton failure next time a GM pusher
claims Bt crops reduce insecticide use.
A Brazilian commentator told us:
The article makes clear that the further agriculture gets from the natural
production system, the higher the risk - as with markets.
http://bit.ly/XWlSLc
Bothersome Bugs at our place
Lots of free range chooks means we don’t have a problem with
grasshoppers, slaters and many types of
pest beetle. I let chooks into netted areas of the garden for a week before
closing them out again and planting seedlings, otherwise we would be overrun
with slaters, which can chew big zucchinis off at the base overnight. Chooks offer a great disposal system for
fruit fly infested fruit and other bugs on plants. Is that aphis infested
broccoli a pain or a protein source for fowls? Its all in your attitude . Of
course your own chooks in the wrong place at the wrong time can be a natural
disaster , like 50 small rotary hoes on the loose they can destroy your food
source for the next 6 months in no time.
Pests are in purple:
Rats
Food forests with a
perpetual food supply are such a
great thing for healthy well fed humans, and unfortunately that means the rats
in a Permaculture are also very well fed , being opportunistic omnivores like
ourselves….and they can build up to astronomical populations. There was a time
when I didn’t get to taste a cob of
corn, or even buy in 100 day old chicks, as rats would decimate them both
overnight. They ate all the produce from a 20 year old macadamia trees every year. The
bananana passionfruit vine all over the
house was beautiful and insulated the house but the rats loved it too. At the
moment I have much fewer rats but they have
a penchant for persimmons.
Solutions:
Keep vegetation a little distance from your house and cut
back trees and vines that provide a ladder for rats to enter your roof. Clean up debris like piles of old boards
….they find cosy homes under junk.
Fox terrier/Jack
Russell A good rat dog is an asset.
Geoff Lawton has one so it must be OK.
Owls .
We stopped baiting rats about 5 years ago hoping the owls would come
back. It’s lovely to hear the owls at night now. First one was heard for
about a year, then 2, now numerous owls, and I think they are active because
now we get every cob of sweet corn again.
Basics of an owl nest box :
At least 16 '' square floor space, 4 inch diameter
entrance hole, low enough for fledging owls to scramble out of eventually, an
access door to clean out the nest once a year, drainage holes in the corners,
hung at least 12 feet off the ground preferrably in shade and about
50 meters away from the area you want patrolled. Owls prefer not to hunt
in their immediate nesting area. Parents feed baby owls ( average family
size 5 babies) 2 to 3 rodents a night each. Parents eat one a day. Wow! I
could soon give my cats away. I need 2 owl boxes in the hope that at least
one is found and used.
Black Skinks. We have lots of
these and have seen one catching and
eating a rat .
Cats Some say a neighbours cat makes a good
hat but I disagree! Just the smell of a cat in the house can drive away
rodents. We keep our 2 spayed cats
inside most of the time and let them out on dusk for a few hours. There are still heaps of birds and
skinks around our house. Kitty litter of
100% bentonite clay is readily available and cheap and emptying the cat tray under mulch around
trees is good for them. Not the vege garden please, due to toxoplasmosis.
Argentine ants These are annoying not only they come into the house in plague
proportions and infest ripe fruit ( I often have an argentine ant adhered
firmly to my tongue pumping formic acid flat out) ) but because they encourage sooty mould , mealy bug and other
scale insects . I find them quite terrible. As usual prevention is better than
cure ….best to not import them if you are free of them at the moment ! Therefore be very careful of potted plants
which can be the way they spread. Also they may hitch to your place on visitors
cars as they eat the insects that
accumulate on car radiators!
Baby powder ( in fact any talc) is a good control , they won’t cross
a perimeter band of dry talc. Also water stops many a trail, but you
need to put a drop of detergent in the water so it breaks the surface tension
otherwise they walk on water. Grease
banding around tree trunks is effective
if you replace daily . Soapy water spray all over on effected plant (
usually noticed because they have sooty
mould) will get rid of them for a while.
The argentine ant gets rid of all other ant species, and protect scale
insects as they farm them for honey dew.
I have seen a ladybird baled up by ants! These ants don’t bite much ,
only when you accidently get one in your eye or mouth. That’s not nice. At
least they eat fruit fly larvae out of fruit, and termites.
The best control is
the borax method. Make a solution of one cup sugar to a cup of boiling water,
add a heaped teaspoon borax, shake vigourously now and then as it cools. Pour a
dribble into about 20 small containers. We use tiny plastic pill bottles with a
hole drilled in the top, but you can use aluminium cans, anything that will
stop the evaporation of the fluid and
exclude kids, pets and livestock, but
allow a small entry way for the ants to drink it. Place these baits across trails of ants
EVERYWHERE on the same day. This will eradicate the colony. It takes a few
weeks for the solution to be fed to the queen and for her to stop laying eggs.
You will see less and less ants for a fortnight ,then blessed relief...none. Borax is a mild poison so the baits should be
collected up and stored away till the
next outbreak in a years time gets you
hunting for them.
Spider mite
As Above….control the ants! They attack the predatory mites
which would in turn attack the Spider mites. Spider mites are devastating and often resides in glass houses in spring. Spider mite makes a web on the underside of leaves to protect itself from sprays and
predators. They are prolific, precocious
breeders and populations can build up fast, decimating curcubit
seedlings and beans. The leaves go pale
and then white then shrivel up and go brown. Plants often die. Predatory mites look rather like their prey
and start work immediately and do not
finish until all the mites and their eggs are eaten. The time it takes depends
on the amount of mite and also time of year. Predators slow down under cool,
dry conditions and also will take longer to clean up large mite populations.
They are most active in warm humid conditions, but can be attacked by ants.
Kikuyu grass .
The Bane of my life. It exudes a pheromone that stunts cultivated
plants. Show me a fruit tree with kike crawling up its trunk and I will show
you a pathetically small and unhealthy
fruit tree which could be decades old. Kill the kike and watch it flourish….see
my blog for instructions on sheet
mulching. http://merribeeorganicfarm.blogspot.com.au/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=4
I have succeeded in replacing a kike
infestation with a food forest a few times by the sheet mulch method .
More ways to deal with it:
Keep pigs in the area with electric fences on contour . Very effective
on bracken too. Pigs fertilise while they weed too. Thanks pigs.
Dig out every
root ( this will take about 30 mins to
do a square foot properly! ).
Keep geese or a
tethered orphan lamb to control it along
fence lines.
Mow it repeatedly
to improve the soil. This will eventually improve the soil so much that a new
plant will come in to replace it. I believe it is a low succession plant with
very little nutritional value to livestock. There may be
a little value in young actively
growing tips.
Parrots
When it comes to keeping parrots off fruit….Net it of forget it. Campaign to stop
clearing of native bush, in which they find more attractive foods than our
fruit . Plant decoy trees like capulin
cherry. Don’t expect a cherry for yourself but they will stay off your apricots
probably. Try the scare gun, the fake
hawke, CD’S and tinsel hanging in trees. Our birds are too smart to fall for
that for long. Really you need to net carefully.
Kangaroos
I have not much experience , last year
being the first time we have suffered major damage to young apple trees. The bush nearby had been prescribe burnt.
Thanks DEC. All fruit and leaves were taken and branches broken.
Kangaroo proof electric fence ? This will be worth the
expense in the long term . A dog may deter, but a kanga will kill often a dog , luring it to
a dam and drowning it and or disembowelling it with his big toe nail. Once
again, could we leave more bushland for native animals? Shrink the size of our
houses, intensify our food production areas and plant natives on our land for
the wildlife? Be prepared to share your
pine nuts etc with endangered animals like the black cockies. They are really hungry. A kangaroo did the
big toe nail gash thing on a birdnet supposedly protecting a lot of pink lady
apples on a small tree the other night. Kanga must have filled her pouch and
hopped away as the tree was stripped on one side.
termites
Numbats eat millions! Another critically endangered native
animal.
David Piggott is an
environmental scientist in Perth who runs an organic pest management company adept
in termite control. www.systemspest.com.au He utilizes lowest toxicity baiting systems
and his vast knowledge of termites to destroy the colony that’s eating your
house, without harming other creatures. He wrote the book “ Building out
termites” which should be available through your library. Baiting with arsenic trioxide is another way
which environmentalist Dr Bob Rich recommends as quite safe if done properly.
Chooks love the protein of termites. We often put infested
wood in the young chicken pen.
Stickfast fleas.
Can be seasonal problem on chooks. As usual a stitch in time
saves 9 , and as soon as you see the first chook with fleas grab it and apply
Vaseline and Eucalyptus to the wattles and comb affected. Smother every ailment of chooks in Vaseline
or in our case pig lard. It deals with
scaly leg mite and stick fast flea.
Continue treatment once a week for 3 weeks to break the life cycle of
the mite or flea, and get all newly hatching juveniles. Clean out the deep
litter in the shed and compost it. Replace with clean ,new sawdust /wood
shavings etc. Beware of your sources : treated pine and melamine chip board rubbish as ended up
as mulch on permies gardens by mistake before now. Soak each wheel barrow load of litter for
10minutes or so and tip onto the compost heap. Multiple good results will ensue
from this action .
Slugs and snails
One word ….Ducks. As
Bill famously says , in severe snail infestations you must have a deficiency
…..
of ducks . You must get ducks and let them free range around
the outside of the garden. Let them in to the garden in mid winter when they
will do little damage to anything but
will clean up mollusc populations and their eggs . Iron chelate baits are
successful and safe I am told. If poultry keeping isn't for you , you could also contact Rent- a- Duck, ( Rent- a -goat is also available for blackberrys), sell salted snails for pig and duck food or even harvest snails for restaurants. Why not turn a pest into a profit?
Brown rot
Becoming more of a problem as heat and humidity has
increased with climate change. Apparently a brew of seaweed, comfrey , stinging
nettle , chamomile and horsetail is a good fungicide if used within 48 hours of steeping and at an
early stage in the disease. Damping off of seedlings can also be controlled
with this says Linda Woodrow. Raw milk is said to work on Powdery mildew. A
comfrey brew leaves and water is a complete fertiliser and so rich in silica it
is a good fungicide and foliar feed in one. I have yet to try it, as the brown
rot is a new problem for us.
On our farm , we find
once the soil has improved (and take heart, it can be a lot of work initially
but the application of lots of compost will effect a permanent change for the better!
) we have little trouble from pests and disease. The biodiversity in
organic gardens and their polycultures are a natural guard against crop
disease.
Now if all else fails you can make up a general deterrent spray.
Home
made spray deterrents
These are
popular and recipes are easily found on the net. Here’s one I lifted thanks
to
http://www.vegetable-gardening-made-simple.com/
Garlic Chili Spray
This
garlic chili spray works really well on infestations of aphids, white flys, or
mealy bugs.
Ingredients
·
12 large cloves of garlic (roughly one
whole garlic bulb)
·
6 hot chili peppers, dried or fresh
·
2 cups water
·
1 tablespoon liquid castile soap
(Shaklee, Dr. Bronner’s, or Kirk’s); you can use liquid dish soap, but make
sure it does not contain a de-greaser and isn’t anti-bacterial
Directions
1.)
Combine the garlic, chilies, and water in a blender and puree until it forms
into a frothy orangey-pink concoction. Let the blended ingredients stand
overnight to gain potency and so that the solids settle to the bottom.
2.)
Pour the mixture through a strainer lined with cheesecloth (you can use coffee
filters if you don’t have cheesecloth.) Make sure you get all the particles
out; otherwise it will clog up your garden sprayer.
3.)
Pour the concentrate into a jar with a plastic lid (it will react with metal.)
4.)
Stir in the liquid soap and label the jar.
5.)
When ready to use, mix 2 tablespoons of concentrate per quart of water in a
garden sprayer. Anything stronger then this could cause damage to the plants so
don’t get aggressive.
6.)
Spray infested plants during the late afternoon. If you spray early in the
morning, the sun mixed with the spray may burn the plants.
If
one application does not clear up an infestation, you can do multiple
applications, but put 2-3 days between applications.
Makes
2 ½ cups of concentrate.
NOTE:
Do not use a garden sprayer that you have also used to spray poison or weed
killer. Remnants of the poison can remain in the sprayer and kill your plants.
